Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw (born May 5, 1959) is an American civil rights advocate and a scholar of critical race theory. She is a professor at the UCLA School of Law and Columbia Law School, where she specializes in race and gender issues.[1]
Crenshaw is known for introducing and developing intersectional theory,
the study of how overlapping or intersecting social identities,
particularly minority identities, relate to systems and structures of oppression, domination, or discrimination.[2][3] Her work further expands to include intersectional feminism,
which is a sub-category related to intersectional theory.
Intersectional feminism examines the overlapping systems of oppression
and discrimination that women face due to their ethnicity, sexuality,
and economic background.[4]
Early life and education
Crenshaw was born in Canton, Ohio, on May 5, 1959,[5] to parents Marian and Walter Clarence Crenshaw Jr.[6]
From a young age, Crenshaw's parents encouraged her to discuss
"interesting things" that she "observed in the world that day". This
early training would later become the basis of her career choices later
in life.[7]
Crenshaw attended Canton McKinley High School. In 1981, she received a bachelor's degree in government and Africana studies from Cornell University,[8] where she was a member of the Quill and Dagger senior Honors' Society.[9][10] She received a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1984.[11] In 1985, she received an LL.M. from the University of Wisconsin Law School, where she was a William H. Hastie Fellow[12] and law clerk to Wisconsin Supreme Court Judge Shirley Abrahamson.[10][13][14]
Career
After completing her LL.M., Crenshaw joined the faculty of the UCLA School of Law in 1986. She is a founder of the field of critical race theory and a lecturer on civil rights, critical race studies, and constitutional law.[8]
At UCLA School of Law, as of 2017, she teaches four classes, Advanced
Critical Race Theory, Civil Rights, Intersectional Perspectives on Race,
Gender and the Criminalization of Women & Girls, and Race, Law and
Representation.[15]
In 1991, Crenshaw assisted the legal team representing Anita Hill at the U.S. Senate confirmation hearings for Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas.[16] In both 1991 and 1994, she was elected professor of the year by matriculating students.[17] In 1995, Crenshaw was appointed full professor at Columbia Law School, where she is the founder and director of the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies, established in 2011.[17][18]
At Columbia Law School, Kimberlé W. Crenshaw's courses include an
intersectionalities workshop and an intersectionalities workshop
centered on civil rights.[19]
In 1996, Crenshaw became the co-founder and executive director of the African American Policy Forum
(AAPF), a think tank focused on "dismantling structural inequality" and
"advancing and expanding racial justice, gender equality, and the
indivisibility of all human rights, both in the U.S. and
internationally."[20][21]
Its mission is to build bridges between scholarly research and public
discourse in addressing inequality and discrimination. Crenshaw has been
awarded the Fulbright Chair for Latin America in Brazil, and in 2008,
she was awarded an in-residence fellowship at the Center of Advanced
Behavioral Studies at Stanford.[19]
In 2001, Crenshaw wrote the background paper on Race and Gender Discrimination for the United Nations World Conference on Racism, helped to facilitate the addition of gender in the WCAR Conference Declaration, served as a member of the National Science Foundation's
Committee to Research Violence Against Women and the National Research
Council panel on Research on Violence Against Women. Crenshaw was a
member of the Domestic Strategy Group at the Aspen Institute from 1992 to 1995,[22] the Women's Media Initiative,[23] and was a regular commentator on NPR's The Tavis Smiley Show.[24]
In 2020, Crenshaw received an honorary doctorate from KU Leuven.[25] She has authored several books and articles and continues to publish.[26][27] Crenshaw's book with Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz, The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, is scheduled for publication December 2025.
Intersectionality
Origins of the concept
In 1989, Crenshaw coined the term intersectionality
in her essay "Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black
Feminist Critique of Anti-discrimination Doctrine Feminist Theory and
Antiracist Politics" as a way to help explain the oppression of African-American women.[29][30]
The idea of intersectionality existed long before Crenshaw coined the
term but was not widely recognized until Crenshaw's work. Black feminist
trailblazers like Sojourner Truth in her 1851 speech "Ain't I a Woman?" and Anna Julia Cooper in her 1892 essay "The Colored Woman's Office" exemplified the ideas of intersectionality before intersectionality came to be.[31][32][33]
Crenshaw's inspiration for the theory started while she was still in
college at Cornell University when she realized that the gender aspect
of race was extremely underdeveloped.[2]
Crenshaw's arguments
Crenshaw's
focus on intersectionality is how the law responds to issues that
include gender and race discrimination. The particular challenge in law
is that anti-discrimination laws look at gender and race separately.
Consequently, African-American women and other women of color who
experience overlapping forms of discrimination are left with no justice.[2] Anti-discrimination laws and the justice system's attempt to remedy discrimination
are limited and operate on a singular axis, only accounting for one
identity at a time. A complete and understandable definition has not
been written in the law; therefore, when the issues of intersectionality
are presented in a court of law, if one form of discrimination cannot
be proved without the other, then there is no law broken.[34] The law defines discrimination as unfair treatment based on a certain identity.[35][36]
When enforcing the law, justice goes by the definition, and if
discrimination cannot be proven based on a single identity, such as sex,
then no crime has been committed.[37]
Crenshaw has referred to DeGraffenreid v. General Motors in writing, interviews, and lectures. In DeGraffenreid v. General Motors,[38] a group of African-American
women argued they received compound discrimination, excluding them from
employment opportunities. They contended that although women were
eligible for office and secretarial jobs, such positions were only
offered to white women, barring African-American women from seeking
employment in the company. The courts weighed the allegations of race
and gender discrimination separately, finding that the employment of
African-American male factory workers disproved racial discrimination,
and the employment of white female office workers disproved gender discrimination. Accordingly, the court declined to consider compound discrimination and dismissed the case.[2]
Crenshaw also discussed the theory of intersectionality in a TED Talk in October 2016.[40] Additionally, Crenshaw delivered a keynote speech at the Women of the World festival at the Southbank Centre in London, England, in 2016.[41] She spoke on women of color's unique challenges in the struggle for gender equality, racial justice and well-being.[10]
In her 2016 TED Talk and keynote speech, she discussed a key challenge
women of color face: police brutality. She highlighted the #SayHerName campaign aimed at uplifting the stories of black women killed by police.[42]
The focus on the victimization of Black women in the say her name
movement is dependent on the theory of intersectionality which, Crenshaw
describes, "It's like a lazy Susan - you can subject race, sexuality,
transgender identity or class to a feminist critique through
intersectionality."[43]
Since the 2010s, Crenshaw has spoken out against misinterpretations of
intersectionality, saying that some have wrongfully characterized it as a
blanket term for "complicated" problems, "identity politics on
steroids," or "a mechanism to turn white men into new pariahs."[44] Instead, Crenshaw characterizes intersectionality as,
"a
lens, a prism, for seeing the way in which various forms of inequality
often operate together and exacerbate each other. We tend to talk about
race inequality as separate from inequality based on gender, class,
sexuality or immigration status. What's often missing is how some people
are subject to all of these, and the experience is not just a sum of
its parts."[45]
Influence
Crenshaw
is known for establishing the concept of intersectionality, which
examines how race, class, gender, and other characteristics overlap and
compound to explain systemic discrimination and inequality in society.[52]
Crenshaw has served as a leader and activist on civil rights, race,
intersectionality, and the law throughout United States and globally.
Crenshaw's work on intersectionality was influential in drafting the
equality clause in the Constitution of South Africa.[53]
In 2001, Crenshaw wrote a paper on Race and Gender discrimination for
the United Nation's World Conference on Racism which was leading in
creating policy that benefiting minority groups globally. Additionally,
Crenshaw advocated for the inclusion of gender in the WCAR conference.[26][53]
Since the 2010s, Crenshaw has advocated for the #SayHerName movement. She co-authored (with Andrea Ritchie) Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women, documenting and drawing attention to Black women victims of police brutality and anti-Black violence in the United States.[54] Additionally, Crenshaw attended the Women of the World festival, which took place from 8–13 March 2016 at the Southbank Centre in London,[41]
where she delivered a keynote speech on the unique challenges facing
women of color, a key challenge being police brutality against Black
women. She promoted the #SayHerName campaign, aimed at uplifting the stories of Black women killed by the police.[42][10]
In 2017, Crenshaw gave an hour-long lecture to a maximum-capacity
crowd of attendees at Rapaporte Treasure Hall at Brandeis University.[55] She explained the role intersectionality plays in modern-day society.[56]
After a three-day celebration of her work, University President Ron
Liebowitz presented Crenshaw with the Toby Gittler award at a ceremony
following the lecture.[57]
That same year, Crenshaw was invited to moderate a Sexual Harassment
Panel hosted by Women in Animation and The Animation Guild, Local 839.
Crenshaw discussed the history of harassment in the workplace and
transitioned the discussion to how it plays a role in today's work
environments. The other panelists with Crenshaw agreed that there had
been many protective measures placed to combat sexual harassment in the
workplace. However, many issues remain to be resolved for a complete
settlement of the problem at hand.[58]
In 2021, Crenshaw was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for her innovative work and accomplishments in pioneering intersectionality, civil rights, critical race theory, and the law.[59]
Publications
Books
- Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement,
May 1, 1996. A compilation of some of the most important writings that
formed and sustained the critical race theory (CRT) movement. The book
includes articles from Derrick Bell, Richard Delgado, Mari Matsuda,
Anthony Cook, Duncan Kennedy, Gary Peller, Kimberlé Crenshaw, and
others. All of the articles add something to CRT, and read
independently, add significant portions to the CRT movement.[60]
- Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment, 1993.[61]
- The Race Track: Understanding and Challenging Structural Racism, July 30, 2013
- Reaffirming Racism: The faulty logic of Colorblindness, Remedy and Diversity, 2013
- Black Girls Matter: Pushed Out, Over Policed and Under Protected. 2016. A report based on new reviews of national data and personal interviews with young women in Boston and New York.[62]
- Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics and Violence against Women of Color,
January 25, 2010. Crenshaw is responding to the tendency within
identity politics to overlook or silence intra-group differences, a
dynamic repeated throughout anti-racist and feminist movements to the
detriment of Black women. She explores the simultaneously raced and
gendered dimensions of violence against women of color (looking
specifically at responses to domestic violence and rape) to draw
attention to how the specificity of Black women's experiences of
violence is ignored, overlooked, misrepresented, and/or silenced.
Crenshaw focuses on both the structural and political aspects of
intersectionality with regard to rape and domestic abuse. She uses
this analysis of violence against women of color to highlight the
importance of intersectionality and of engaging with issues like
violence against women through an intersectional lens.[63]
- On Intersectionality: Essential Writings of Kimberlé Crenshaw,
September 24, 2015. Forthcoming. Essays and articles that help define
the concept of intersectionality. Crenshaw provides insight from the
Central Park jogger, Anita Hill's testimony against now Supreme Court
justice Clarence Thomas and other significant matters of public
interest.[64]
- Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines,
(edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel
Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press,
2019)[65]
- The Race Track: How the Myth of Equal Opportunity Defeats Racial Justice, (with Luke Charles Harris & George Lipsitz), December 2025. The Race Track
dispenses with the myth of post-racial America, explaining not only why
race matters more than ever but also twenty-first-century solutions to
racial injustice. The book will provide a framework for understanding
how and why structural racism survives in the present.
- #SayHerName: Black Women’s Stories of State Violence and Public Silence,
(by Kimberlé Crenshaw and African American Policy Forum, Foreword by
Janelle Monáe), Haymarket Books, July 2023. Centering Black women’s
experiences in police violence and gender violence discourses sends the
powerful message that, in fact, all Black lives matter and that the
police cannot kill without consequence. This is a powerful story of
Black feminist practice, community-building, enablement, and Black
feminist reckoning.
Articles
- "Traffic at the Crossroads: Multiple Oppressions" in the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.[66]
- Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality Against Black Women (with
Andrea J. Ritchie, Rachel Anspach, Rachel Gilmer, Luker Harris, Columbia
Law School, 2015)[54]
- How Colorblindness Flourished in the Age of Obama, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines,
(edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel
Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press,
2019)[65][67]
- Unmasking Colorblindness in the Law: Lessons from the Formation of Critical Race Theory, in Seeing Race Again: Countering Colorblindness across the Disciplines,
(edited by Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Luke Charles Harris, Daniel
Martinez HoSang, and George Lipsitz, University of California Press,
2019).[67]
- An Intersectional Critique of Tiers of Scrutiny: Beyond "Either/Or" Approaches to Equal Protection (with Devon W. Carbado), 129 The Yale Law Journal Forum 108 (2019).[67][68]
- We Still Have not Learned from Anita Hill's Testimony, 26 UCLA Women's Law Journal 17 (2019).[67][69]
- Race Liberalism and the Deradicalization of Racial Reform, 130 Harvard Law Review 2298 (2017).[67][70]
- Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis (with Sumi Cho and Leslie McCall), 38 (4) Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 785 (2013).[71][67]
- Keeping Up With Jim Jones: Pioneer, Taskmaster, Architect, Trailblazer, 2013 Wisconsin Law Review 703 (2013).[72][67]
- From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally About Women, Race, and Social Control, 59 UCLA Law Review 1418 (2012).[73][67]
- Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law, 12 German Law Review 247 (2011).[74]
- Twenty Years of Critical Race Theory: Looking Back to Move Forward, 43 Connecticut Law Review 1253-1352 (2011).[75]
- Close Encounters of Three Kinds: On Teaching Dominance, Feminism, and Intersectionality, 46 Tulsa Law Review 151-89 (2010). Symposium: Catharine MacKennon.[67]
- Framing Affirmative Action, 105 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 123 (2007).[76]
- A Black Feminist Critique of Antidicrimination Law, in Philosophical Problems in the Law, 339-343 4th ed. (edited by David M. Adams, Wadsworth, 2005).[30]
- The First Decade: Critical Reflections, or "A Foot in the Closing Door", 49 UCLA Law Review 1343-72 (2002).[30]
- Opening Remarks: Reclaiming Yesterday's Future, 47 UCLA Law Review 1459-65 (2000).[77]
- Playing Race Cards: Constructing a Pro-active Defense of Affirmative Action, 16 National Black Law Journal 196-214 (1998).[78]
- Foreword, in Black Men on Race, Gender and Sexuality: A Critical Reader, (edited by Devon W. Carbado, New York University Press, 1999).[67]
- The Contradictions of Mainstream Constitutional Theory (with Gary Peller), 45 UCLA Law Review 1683-1715 (1998). Symposium: Voices of the People: Essays on Constitutional Democracy In Memory of Professor Julian N. Eule.[67]
- Color-blind Dreams and Racial Nightmares: Reconfiguring Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era, in Birth of A Nation'hood: Gaze, Script and Spectacle in the O.J. Simpson Trial, (edited by Toni Morrison and Claudia Brodsky LaCour, Pantheon Books, 1997).[67]
- Panel Presentation on Cultural Battery, 25 University of Toledo Law Review 891-901 (1994).[67]
- Beyond Racism and Misogyny: Black Feminism and 2 Live Crew, in Words That Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assualtive Speech and the First Amendment, (Westview, 1998). Also published in Feminist Social Thought: A Reader (edited by Diana Tietjens Meyers, Routledge (1997).[67]
- Reel Time/Real Justice (with Gary Peller), 70 Denver University Law Review 283-96 (1993). Colloquy: Racism in the Wake of the Los Angeles Riots.[79]
- Race, Gender, and Sexual Harassment, 65 Southern California Law Review 1467-76 (1992).[80]
- Running from Race (Commentary on the Democrats' Discourse on Race) (with Gary Peller), 7 Taken 13-17 (1992).[67]
- Whose Story Is It, Anyway? Feminist and Antiracist Appropriations of Anita Hill, in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power, 402-40 (edited by Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books, 1992).[67]
- Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color, 43 Stanford Law Review 1241-99 (1991). Women of Color at the Center: Selections from the Third National Conference on Women of Color and the Law.[81]
- Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist
Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist
Politics, 1989 University of Chicago Legal Forum 139-67 (1989). Reprinted in The Politics of Law: A Progressive Critique 195-217 (2nd ed., edited by David Kairys, Pantheon, 1990).[29]
- Toward a Race-Conscious Pedagogy in Legal Education (Foreword: Voting Rights: Strategies for Legal and Community Action), 11 National Black Law Journal 1-14 (1989).[67]
- Race, Reform, and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Antidiscrimination Law, 101 Harvard Law Review 1331-87 (1988). Reprinted in Critical Legal Thought: An American-German Debate (edited by Christian Joerges and David M. Trubek, Nomos, 1989).[82]
Awards and honors
Critical receptionUpon appointing Crenshaw to Columbia Law School, law school dean Lance Liebman described Crenshaw as a "leading law scholar" who "has shed important light on central issues of civil rights law."[12]