https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/12/opinion/roberts-supreme-court-immunity-taney.html
John Roberts Makes His Bid for Infamy
by Jamelle Bouie
July 12, 2024
New York Times
The most important takeaway from the Supreme Court’s decision in Trump v. United States is that Chief Justice John Roberts, with the approval of his Republican colleagues, rewrote the Constitution to place the president above the law.
The chief justice erased the Constitution’s clear contemplation of criminal charges for presidential misconduct. He conjured, out of thin air, a distinction between “official” and “unofficial” acts that can’t survive the slightest scrutiny. He cloaked the executive in a prosecutorial immunity so complete that it shields almost any act a president might take from legal accountability as long as that president could tie it to a “core” duty. He eliminated, in practice, any distinction between a lawful or unlawful exercise of presidential authority. And Roberts did this, he says, to preserve the separation of powers and the integrity of the executive branch.
Presidential impunity for criminal behavior isn’t the issue, Roberts suggests. The real problem, he says, is the “more likely prospect of an executive branch that cannibalizes itself, with each successive president free to prosecute his predecessors, yet unable to boldly and fearlessly carry out his duties for fear that he may be next.”
Waving away the ugly circumstances of this case — Donald Trump’s attempt to overturn his defeat in the 2020 presidential election — Roberts writes that without immunity, “prosecutions of ex-presidents could quickly become routine. The enfeebling of the presidency and our government that would result from such a cycle of factional strife is exactly what the framers intended to avoid.”
The chief justice wrote those last lines as a rebuke to his liberal colleagues who warned, in their dissents, that the majority had made the American president something like a king. But you can also read those lines as a glimpse into Roberts’s mind-set. The majority’s opinion in Trump v. United States is not so much a legal decision — it is untethered from the text, structure and history of the Constitution, making claims that are, according to the legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar, “flatly contradicted by the document’s unambiguous letter and obvious spirit” — as it is a political one.
It seems that for Roberts, the criminal prosecution of Donald Trump is so transgressive as to demand the immediate intervention of the Supreme Court. But the constitutional order does not support Roberts’s intuition that the president should have immunity for nearly every action taken in office — from Montesquieu to Madison, separation of powers never meant that each branch was immune from the touch of the other or that executive officers were beyond the reach of legal culpability.
Rather than sit with the reality of the situation, Roberts did what he has the power to do under the status quo of judicial supremacy: impose new meaning on the Constitution, according to what he wants it to say rather than what it says. He will settle the issue of the executive’s criminal culpability, so that the president can govern with the energy and confidence Roberts thinks the president needs to succeed.
We don’t know how this opinion will play out. If Trump wins a second term, there is a real chance that it will empower presidential lawlessness of a kind that no living American has experienced, at least in this country. Trump v. United States would become, in short order, one of the worst opinions ever issued by the Supreme Court. And Roberts would take his place in infamy alongside the other man whose work as chief justice helped unravel the American republic before the Civil War: Roger Taney.
For all of the influence and stature accorded the position of chief justice of the United States, we really remember only a small group. There’s John Marshall, who defined the scope of the court’s powers and used them to shepherd the American constitutional order through three decades of conflict and controversy, and Earl Warren, who constitutionalized the rights revolution of the 1950s and ’60s and helped establish the court as a place of recourse for the most vulnerable groups in our national community.
We ignore most of the others. Who — other than scholars, lawyers and the occasional journalist — thinks about John Jay or Salmon P. Chase or Fred M. Vinson? But Taney is one chief justice whose name is not only remembered but also inspires contempt.
Through most of his career on the court, Taney was praised for his moderation and integrity, even as he unambiguously worked to constitutionalize Jacksonian views of state sovereignty and federal power. With his decision in the 1857 case Dred Scott v. Sandford, however, Taney began his career as one of the most hated men in America — an ideologue who used his power to impose a stunted vision of the Constitution on the entire country, at the cost of pushing sectional tensions to the point of no return.
What stands out in Dred Scott is the breadth of Taney’s opinion. Rather than deal with the narrow question of Scott’s freedom, Taney reached out beyond the scope of the issue at hand to decide broad and unasked questions of constitutional law. He passed definitive judgment on Scott’s freedom and the status of Black citizenship and the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise and the authority of territorial legislatures to regulate slavery. As Judge Ethan Greenberg wrote in his 2010 book, “Dred Scott and the Dangers of a Political Court,” Taney “reached out over and over again in order to rule on questions about slavery that were not necessary to the resolution of the Dred Scott case, and that had never been raised before or considered by the court below.”
Taney did this out of a sincere and deep-rooted commitment to the slave system and the Jacksonian notion of a “white man’s republic.” To protect slavery was, to Taney and the Dred Scott majority, to defend the integrity of the Union against the agitation of abolitionists and antislavery politicians. But it was not the Supreme Court’s role to settle the slavery question or quell sectional tensions or deliver a victory to its preferred side in a partisan or ideological battle. Taney and his pro-slavery colleagues ignored precedent, distorted history and misread the Constitution in service to what they wanted the constitutional order to be.
Or, as Greenberg concludes, the Dred Scott court “abandoned intellectually honest legal reasoning and the disinterested application of neutral principles of law because the court wished to pursue what it believed to be noble and important political goals.”
ABOUT THE AUTHOR:
Jamelle Bouie became a New York Times Opinion columnist in 2019. Before
that he was the chief political correspondent for Slate magazine. He is
based in Charlottesville, Va., and Washington. @jbouie
